Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad
Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad (J Fac Med Baghdad) is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly (April, July, October, and December) by the College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. The Journal provides an Open Journal System powered by PKP as a communication platform for researchers, physicians, and medical workers in different aspects of medicine and basic medical sciences worldwide. It accepts original articles, review articles, case reports, letters to the editor, short communications, and editorials in all fields relevant to medicine. Historically, this journal is the first medical journal in the Middle East. The journal was established in December 1935 under the name (The Journal of the Royal Faculty of Medicine of ‘Iraq) by the Royal Medical College (founded at the end of 1927). The first five volumes were published only in Arabic and approved by the council of the college as a general journal dealing with the news of the college and a few scientific articles to encourage the teaching staff for research publication. It disseminated official information on the progress of the health sector and strengthened the link between the medical family in Iraq and the health authorities. In addition to the Arabic section that contained official information of the medical family, an English section was launched in 1941. The English section contained research dealing with all the medical facts and discoveries that were relevant to the country in order to combat communicable and endemic diseases in the Kingdom of Iraq. The publication continued until the end of 1957, when it had to be discontinued due to a shortage of material. In 1959, Prof. Dr. Faisal Al-Sabih became the journal's editor-in-chief, restructured the journal, changed its name to The Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad, and used a new scientific system to publish articles. A new series began in January 1959. According to this, time for research and facilities were being available for staff members. A section introducing the activities and achievements of various school departments was included. The journal supplied useful reading for the Iraqi medical profession and conveyed to colleagues abroad to better understand the activities that had hitherto rarely been available outside Iraq. The journal has continued to be published regularly without interruption (four issues during the year). The journal became registered with the International Number (ISSN) in 2000 and entered many important international indexes. After 2003, the journal continued despite the difficulties involved in every aspect of the country. By the beginning of 2004, the journal had progressed through a series of changes to reach a level recognized internationally. In 2018, the journal became published online with the same edited issues. The founders of the journal, whether Iraqis or other nationalities who contributed to managing this journal and publishing it, have chronicled the periods of development of medicine in Iraq, taking into consideration that the research that was published in it was receiving global echo as it was a rich source for foreigners, researchers, and many of their articles and dissertations on researchers published in this journal.
College of Medicine- University of Baghdad
The Clinical and Laboratory Profiles of Neonatal Thrombocytopenia in a Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Baghdad, Iraq
Background: Neonatal Thrombocytopenia (NT) is defined as a platelet count of <150,000/microL and is classified as: Mild (platelet count 100,000- 149,000/microL), moderate (50,000- 99,000/microL), and Severe (<50,000/microL). It is classified according to the time of presentation as: Early NT (occurs within the first 72 hours of life) and Late NT (occurs after 72 hours). Objectives: To study the clinical and laboratory profiles of neonatal thrombocytopenia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad. Methods: This single-center case series observational study was conducted from 1st May 2022 to 30th April 2023, in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad. Neonates with thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count <150,000/µL, were enrolled. Complete blood count, C-reactive protein, blood culture, and other investigations were performed as clinically indicated. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 29. Categorical variables were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate, and a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 1701 neonates admitted to the NICU, 107 (6.3%) developed neonatal thrombocytopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia was the most common category, occurring in 57 cases (53.3%), followed by moderate thrombocytopenia in 36 (33.6%) and severe thrombocytopenia in 14 (13.1%). Out of the total cases, there were more preterm 61 (57.0%) than full term neonates 46 (43.0%). Sepsis was the most common associated condition, identified in 53 cases (49.6%), followed by asphyxia in 11 cases (10.3%). Severe thrombocytopenia was significantly associated with hemoglobin <15 g/dL (P=0.04), bleeding from venipuncture and cannula sites (P=0.034), and death (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Neonatal thrombocytopenia was found to be common in this study cohort, with sepsis being the leading associated condition. Severe cases seem to be linked to bleeding manifestations, anemia, and mortality, which highlight the importance of careful monitoring of affected neonates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Numan N. Hameed, Mohammed Kh. Ibrahim, Safa A. Faraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Circulating Levels of GLP-1 and AGEs in a Group of Iraqi Women with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome: A Case-Control Study
Background: Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) is a common condition that affects women of reproductive age. It is usually associated with hormonal and metabolic disorders. However, the precise relationship between these derangements and the development of PMOS is unclear. Objectives: To evaluate the circulatory levels of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) in PMOS and to explore the possible application of these factors as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the College of Science, University of Baghdad, between Nov. 2024 and Feb. 2025. The study involved 90 Iraqi women aged 18-45 years, divided into two groups: 50 women who had recently been diagnosed with PMOS and 40 healthy women as controls. Hormonal profiles and metabolic parameters (GLP-1 and AGEs) were measured in all participants. Results: Women with PMOS had an elevated hormonal profile, characterized by higher concentrations of LH, an LH/FSH ratio, testosterone, and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), along with a considerable drop in FSH compared to the control group. They also showed significant elevations in metabolic parameters (AGEs and GLP-1) compared to the control group. GLP-1 and AGEs had an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.000, with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, indicating their diagnostic value. Conclusions: The increase in GLP-1 and AGEs reveals hormonal-metabolic dysregulation, indicating a high degree of correlation in the complexity and progression of the disease. The high diagnostic accuracy of GLP-1 and AGEs in PMOS, may suggest that they are potential biomarkers for diagnosing the disease.
Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed K. Atheeb , Saba Z. Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Appendiceal Endometriosis Mimicking Acute Appendicitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Background: While endometriosis has a high prevalence among women during their reproductive years, appendiceal endometriosis is an uncommon clinical condition that affects women, and it is mostly presented as acute appendicitis, and or similar to several other gynecological disorders. ​Case Presentation: A thirty-four years old female presented with symptoms of a one-day of acute right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain as well as a chronic history of abdominal pain and chronic recurrent pelvic pain. The physical and clinical assessment referred for laboratory, the findings suggested acute appendicitis, then admitted to Baghdad teaching hospital for Laparoscopic appendectomy, and the specimen was sent for histopathological examination, where it revealed endometrial glands and stroma embedded in the muscularis propria of the appendix. ​Conclusion: Although rare, appendiceal endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of RLQ pain in reproductive-age women. This case indicates the necessity of routine histopathological examination of all appendectomy specimens to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate follow-up.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fareed A. Turkey, Nadia H. Ibraheem, Sura T. Abdul Jabbar, Zainab Kh. Al-Mukhtar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Renal Complications in Patients After Open-Heart Surgery
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of open-heart surgery, with a reported global incidence of 20-40%. Local Iraqi data on postoperative AKI incidence and predictors remain limited despite its designation as a 2025 Iraqi Ministry of Health perioperative research priority. Objectives: To determine the incidence, severity, independent predictors, and short-term outcomes of AKI among adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery at a tertiary cardiac center in Iraq. Methods: This single-center observational case-series analyzed 99 adults undergoing elective open-heart surgery at the Iraq Center for Heart Diseases, Baghdad, between January 2024 and December 2025. Patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis or chronic kidney disease stage 4 were excluded. Preoperative renal dysfunction was defined as serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. AKI was diagnosed and staged using KDIGO serum-creatinine criteria. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U, chi-square/Fisher exact tests, and multivariable logistic regression. Results: AKI occurred in 23/99 patients (23.2%): 19 (82.6%) were KDIGO stage 1, two (8.7%) stage 2, and two (8.7%) stage 3. One AKI patient (4.3%) required new postoperative renal-replacement therapy. In the adjusted model, male sex (adjusted OR 8.43, 95% CI 1.50-47.46, p=0.016) and impaired baseline renal function (adjusted OR 7.11, 95% CI 1.58-32.05, p=0.011) were independent predictors. CPB duration >120 minutes showed a numerically higher AKI incidence but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Postoperative AKI occurred in nearly one quarter of patients. Male sex and impaired baseline renal function were the only independent predictors, supporting targeted preoperative renal-risk stratification and postoperative renal surveillance in Iraqi cardiac centers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohanad H. Naqqash, Hussam Ayoob, Zain Al-Abdeen AL-Rammahi, Kifah H. Alani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Non-Polio Enteroviruses in Acute Flaccid Paralysis: Analysis of Surveillance in Iraq from 2018 to 2024
Background: Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, forms the basis for poliovirus eradication efforts and provides useful data on non-polio enteroviruses, which are significant causes of acute flaccid paralysis in polio-free countries. Non polio enteroviruses were the most common isolates from acute flaccid paralysis cases at this time, indicating sensitivity of surveillance and continued circulation of enteroviruses. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, epidemiologic trends and clinical features of non- polio enteroviruses among children with acute flaccid paralysis in Iraq, from 2018 to 2024, for improving surveillance sensitivity and complementary evidence-based public health measures. Methods: The data was gathered from the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance system in Iraq. Stool specimens were analyzed at the National Polio Laboratory according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Suspensions of stool were prepared and inoculated into the Rhabdomyosarcoma cell line and genetically modified mouse L cells expressing the human poliovirus receptor. Isolates were subjected for real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas cultures were checked for cytopathic effect. Isolates negative for poliovirus but positive in Rhabdomyosarcoma cells were classified as non-polio enteroviruses. Demographics and clinical findings were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Non-polio enteroviruses were reported in 10.5% of the cases; the prevalence being highest in children 1 to 2 years. They appeared to be two peaks; one in January and another in May, and cases were particularly low in September. Non-polio enteroviruses were associated with residual weakness and lower mortality. Conclusions: Non-polio enteroviruses detection declined during 2020–2023 with recovery in 2024. Positivity was significantly higher in younger children, and demonstrated clear seasonal peaks. Non-polio enteroviruses infection was associated with residual weakness but not with gender, fever, or mortality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadia A. Nasir, Murad Th. Mehmoud, Muhi K. Al-Janabi, Khailil I. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparisons of serum CTLA-4 levels between treated and Untreated SCLC and NSCLC Patients
Background: Small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer are the two main types of lung cancer and major causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Objectives: To compare serum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 levels between treated and untreated patients with small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, and healthy controls. Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the Oncology Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from December 2024 to June 2025. The study included 180 participants: 24 patients with small cell lung cancer, 96 with non-small cell lung cancer, and 60 healthy controls. Serum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and complete blood count parameters were measured using an automated hematology analyzer. Results: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 levels differed significantly among the control, small cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer groups (p = 0.02), with higher levels in small cell lung cancer and lower levels in non-small cell lung cancer than controls. No significant differences were observed between treated and untreated patients in either group. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 levels were significantly associated with Programmed death-ligand 1 categories in treated non-small cell lung cancer patients (p = 0.01), but not in untreated patients (p = 0.12). Complete blood count parameters differed significantly among the study groups, suggesting systemic inflammatory changes. Serum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 showed limited diagnostic performance. Conclusion: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 levels were significantly associated with Programmed death-ligand 1 expression in treated patients. Complete blood count, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, and Programmed death-ligand 1 may provide useful information on the inflammatory and immunological status of lung cancer patients, but further studies are needed to confirm their clinical significance.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
Copyright (c) 2026 Zinah Al-Hayali, Rasha M. Al-Humairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparison between Meatal Advancement and Glanuloplasty with Urethral Advancement and Glanuloplasty in Treatment of Distal Hypospadias
Background: Hypospadias is the second most common congenital malformation and may be classified according to the anatomical site of urethral meatus into distal, which accounts for about 70-80% of all hypospadias cases, and proximal, which is rare. There are multiple surgical options for the management of hypospadias. This study covers cases of distal hypospadias with two surgical options, which are urethral advancement and Glanuloplasty, and meatal advancement glanuloplasty. Objectives: To compare the surgical outcomes and complications of urethral advancement and meatal advancement with glanuloplasty for the treatment of distal hypospadias. Methods: Forty-three patients, 20 of whom underwent meatal advancement and glanuloplasty and 23 underwent urethral advancement glanuloplasty, were followed up for 6 months after the operation at Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital, Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq, for the surgical speciality during the period from April 2017 to March 2020. Results: The mean age of the meatal advancement and glanuloplasty group at surgery was (35.5+17.31 months) which was comparable to that of the urethral advancement glanuloplasty group (37.5+14.27 months) with no significant difference. There were no significant differences between the groups in operative time, which was 35.16+2.9 min in urethral advancement glanuloplasty and 30.72+3.2 min in meatal advancement and glanuloplasty. Six complications were reported in this study, four of which (two meatal stenosis and 2 wound dehiscence) occurred in the meatal advancement and glanuloplasty group, while two complications (one meatal stenosis and one meatal retraction) occurred in the urethral advancement glanuloplasty group. Conclusions: Urethral advancement glanuloplasty is a safe and effective alternative surgical option for the treatment of patients with distal hypospadias, especially those with a non-mobile meatus, with the same rate of complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad B. Ismail, Abather B. Mahmood, Hassanain F. Hasan, Mudher N. Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Isotretinoin in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: A Prospective study
Background: Conventional isotretinoin dosing (0.5–1.0 mg/kg/day) for acne vulgaris achieves high efficacy, but is limited by significant adverse effects. Low-dose regimens (≤ 0.5 mg/kg/day) may offer an improved therapeutic ratio. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and relapse outcomes of a flexible low-dose isotretinoin protocol in Iraqi adolescents and young adults. Methods: A prospective single-arm study involving 72 patients aged 14–25 years) with mild-to-severe acne vulgaris received isotretinoin 0.1–0.5 mg/kg/day for 16–20 weeks. The study was conducted at the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq, between January 2023 and December 2024. The clinical response was assessed using the Investigator's Global Assessment. Safety was monitored via adverse events and laboratory tests for liver function and lipid profile. The patients were followed for 6–12 months for relapse assessment. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software and presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Treatment success was achieved in 88.9% (64/72) of the patients. Adverse events were mild including cheilitis (97.2%), xerosis (4.2%), myalgia (2.8%), dry eyes (4.2%), and transient headache (2.8%). No mood alterations or severe skin reactions occurred. No significant laboratory abnormalities were noted. During follow-up, 27.8% (20/72) relapsed; all successfully completed a second identical low-dose course. Conclusion: Low-dose isotretinoin demonstrates high efficacy and safety. Even as relapse rates are higher than with conventional dosing, the good tolerability supports its use as a first-line strategy, with re-treatment being a viable option.
Copyright (c) 2026 Usama A. Althuwayni, Mohammed A-H. Jabarah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Effectiveness of Uterine Artery Embolization in the Management of Symptomatic Patients with Uterine Fibroids at the Medical City in Baghdad
Background: Uterine fibroids are a common gynecological condition that may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure on the nearby organs. Uterine artery embolization is a minimally invasive treatment that offers an alternative to myomectomy or hysterectomy. The procedure works by occluding the uterine arteries and reducing blood flow to the fibroids, which leads to ischemia and gradual shrinkage, thereby relieving the symptoms. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of uterine artery embolization in reducing the size of the uterine fibroids and alleviating the associated symptoms, and to compare treatment outcomes between International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics FIGO 0–3 and 4–7 groups according to the FIGO classifications of uterine fibroids. Methods: This prospective comparative study, conducted at the Baghdad Teaching Hospital from December 4, 2023, to December 22, 2024, involved 20 patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids who underwent uterine artery embolization. Ultrasounds were performed prior to, and three months and six months after the procedure, to evaluate the fibroid volume, the largest fibroid diameter, volume reduction rate, symptom improvement, and adverse events. The volume reduction rates of the two groups were compared, based on the fibroid classification (Group A: FIGO 0-3 and Group B: FIGO 4-7) at three and six months. Results: Of the 20 women included in the study, 90% were over the age of 35 years and 65% were obese. Following uterine artery embolization, menorrhagia decreased from 90% to 40%, intermenstrual bleeding from 45% to 5%, and dysmenorrhea from 65% to 30%. Radiologically, the mean fibroid volume reduction at six months was significantly higher in the FIGO 0–3 group (93.7%, p=0.006) compared to the FIGO 4–7 group (26.0%, p=0.002). Conclusions: Uterine artery embolization is an effective procedure that significantly reduces fibroid size and improves its symptoms; the reduction in the largest fibroid diameter was more pronounced in the FIGO 0–3 group than in the FIGO 4–7 group.
العلاج؛ غزارة الطمث؛ انصمام الشريان الرحمي؛ الأورام الليفية الرحمية؛ النساء.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asya H. Jasim, Najmah M. Meran, Zaid H. Kadhum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Study of pTau217 and GFAP Levels in Iraqi Male and Female Parkinson's Patients
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological condition that strikes an individual and gradually progresses, resulting in both motor and non-motor symptoms. The severity and progression of can be predicted by biochemical biomarkers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and degradation products, which are released into the cerebrospinal fluid and serum when astrocytes are injured. Accumulating evidence suggests that Tau protein plays a major role in the pathological mechanisms of Parkinson’s disease. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of Tau and human glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP in patients with Parkinson's disease and subsequently compare them with those in the control group. Methods: This case-control study included 80 participants. The 80 participants were divided into four categories: G1, Control Male n=20; G2, Control Female n=20; G3, Parkinson Male patients’ n=20; and G4, Parkinson Female patients’ n=20. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to ascertain the quantities of pTau217 and GFAP. Total calcium was measured. Results: Results showed a significant decrease in 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the patient groups compared to the control groups. In addition, G3 showed a significant decrease compared to G1. G4 showed a significant decrease compared to G2. The results also showed a significant decrease in total calcium levels in G3 compared to G1, while a non-significant decrease was found in G4 compared to G2. Results showed a significant increase in pTau217 and GFAP in G3 and G4 compared to G1 and G2. Conclusions: Determining vitamin D levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease is important because deficiency is common and may worsen bone health, muscle strength, balance, and overall function. Testing allows appropriate supplementation and prevention of complications, particularly falls and fractures. The pTau217 and GFAP biomarkers could open new prospects for early diagnosis, monitoring the course of the disease, and personalized treatment strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raed M. Al-Azawee, Ammar H. Al-Qazzaz , Abbas M. Alsaedy , Zeinab M. Al-Rubaei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Assessment of Corin and Neprilysin in Diverse Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome Presentations
Background: Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine disease that affects women of reproductive age. Corin and Neprilysin are developing biochemical markers linked to the metabolic complexities of PMOS. Both are enzymes involved in the mechanisms that regulates adipose tissue metabolism. Objective: To assess the clinical and diagnostic value of Corin and Neprilysin in a variety of phenotypic manifestations of PMOS, with a focus on their possible functions as biomarkers for illness classification and definition. Methods: This observational case-control study was conducted on 150 women aged 18-41 years at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq from February to September 2025. The study groups included 50 healthy childbearing women as a control group and 100 women with PMOS, who were subdivided into four groups based on phenotype depending on Rotterdam consensus criteria to: 61 with hyperandrogenism, 15 with normal morphology by ultrasound, 14 with a normal menstrual cycle, and 10 with normal androgen levels. A spectrophotometric pathway was used to evaluate fasting blood glucose (FBG). Other markers (insulin, Neprilysin, Corin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and total testosterone) were tested by the ELISA technique. Results: The median value of Neprilysin in all PMOS groups was significantly higher than controls (p<0.0001), with non-significant differences among PMOS subgroups. Serum Corin levels were significantly lower in PMOS groups than controls, with non-significant differences among PMOS subgroups. There were none significant age differences between study groups, a significant positive correlation between Neprilysin and each of the following: Insulin (P = 0.027), HOMA-IR (P = 0.023), and Total Testosterone (P = 0.006), respectively. Conclusion: Corin and Neprilysin seem to be promising biomarkers for enhancing the diagnosis and stratification of PMOS functional phenotype, offering valuable insights into personalized approaches to patient management and future research directions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mothana H. Fleih, Hedef Dh. Elyassin, Afraa M. Al-Naddawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of Serum Interleukin-19 level in Women with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome
Background: Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) typically affects women aged 15 to 50. According to recent studies, immune cells and hormonal imbalances have a role in the pathogenesis of PMOS. The causes and effects of chronic inflammation, particularly in women with PMOS, have been the focus of research. Objectives: To better understand the immunological profile of PMOS patients through investigating the role of IL-19 blood levels as a biomarker or inflammatory mediator and examining its possible involvement in the pathophysiology of the syndrome. Cases and Methods: This is a case-control study conducted between December 2024 and March 2025. Sixty women with PMOS were diagnosed at Kamal Al-Samarrai Specialized Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. 30 healthy women attending private laboratories were used as a control group, matched for age (18-36) to the cases. The blood samples were centrifuged and allowed to clot at room temperature. The serum was then obtained using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) for use in the human IL-19 detection method. Results: The mean age was 26.0±4.90 years for the patients and 25.3±4.45 years for the controls. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of the control group was 21.9±2.01 kg/m² compared to 28.9±3.62 kg/m² for the patients in PMOS women; the mean serum IL-19 was 113.2±61.56 pg/ml, significantly higher than that of the control group (6.2±4.28 pg/ml). Conclusion: The inflammatory environment of PMOS seems to be significantly influenced by interleukin-19. The higher blood IL-19 levels in the PMOS cases suggest that it may have a role in the pathophysiology of the syndrome, potentially connected to follicular dysfunction and insulin resistance. IL-19 may be a potential biomarker for tracking the persistent low-grade inflammation linked to PMOS, providing fresh perspectives on tailored diagnostic and treatment approaches.
Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS)
Copyright (c) 2026 Tharwa H. Al-Tai, Jalal A. Al-Saedi, Hayfaa S. AL-Hadithi, Tariq G. Nadeem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Waist Circumference Cut-off Points in Iraqi People
Background: Central obesity is a critical predictor of cardiometabolic risk, yet universally applicable waist circumference cut-offs are confounded by ethnic discrepancies Objectives: To determine the optimal WC cut-off points for identifying central obesity in the Iraqi population and evaluate associated sociodemographic risk factors. Methods: A retrospective record review was conducted utilizing data from 3,924 participants (1,600 males, 2,324 females) who underwent anthropometric assessment in the National Iraqi STEPWISE Survey of non-communicable disease risk factors. Central obesity was referenced against the WHO Body Mass Index criteria, BMI (30kg/m2). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and the Youden index determined optimal Waist Circumference cut-offs. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent sociodemographic predictors. Results: The optimal Waist Circumference cut-off points were established at> 91.75 cm for males (AUC: 0.900, 95% CI: 0.884–0.916; prevalence: 56.3%) and> 91.05 cm for females (AUC: 0.882, 95% CI: 0.865–0.899; prevalence: 60.8%). Multivariable analysis revealed that the 18–39 age group had significantly lower odds of having central obesity in both males (OR: 0.404, 95% CI: 0.222–0.735) and females (OR: 0.287, 95% CI: 0.177–0.464). Conversely, central obesity was independently elevated in males who were government employees (OR: 2.581, 95% CI: 1.447–4.604) or unemployed with an income (OR: 2.431, 95% CI: 1.341–4.407), and in females with no formal schooling (OR: 1.892, 95% CI: 1.062–3.373). Conclusions: The Iraqi population exhibits distinct Waist Circumference thresholds that differ substantially from traditional international metrics, with the odds of central obesity significantly influenced by specific sociodemographic characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Husham J. Al-Badri, Sarah M. Al-Bahrani, Ali J. Alwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms in a Sample of Medical Students in Iraq
Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) is a common mental health condition where a person has obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. The worldwide prevalence of OCD is approximately 2% of the general population. Objective: To assess prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in a sample of medical students in Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study design with a convenience sampling method, was conducted on 414 Iraqi medical students during the period from 1st November, 2022 to 28th February, 2023. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire submitted online. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: The first included socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, college year, residence, marital status) and risk factors, whereas the second part consisted of 20 items from the Revised Arabic Scale of Obsession-Compulsion. Results: It was found that (38.9%) of participants had OCD symptoms. The overall weighted mean and standard deviation, was 2.13 ± 0.599, so any mean equal to or exceeding this value was highly indicative of OCDthe cut-off point). Significant associations were found between positive family history of OCD, age, college year, and OCD symptom score. Conclusion: OCD symptoms were found in over one third of the Iraqi medical students included in the study. A positive family history of OCD, younger age, and early college years seem to be associated with higher OCD symptom scores.
Revised Arabic Scale of Obsession-Compulsion
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab A. Jaber, Mushtaq T. Hashim, Manal A. Habib, Kholod Dh. Habib, Huda A. Habib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Prevalence of Depression and Related Factors among International Medical Students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Background: In accordance with DSM-5-TR, Depression is a common psychiatric disorder marked by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and impairment in everyday activities. Recent evidence shows that between 22% and 45% of international student’s experience depressive symptoms. There is limited information on the prevalence of depression among international medical students at the International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of depression among international medical students at the International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and to examine related factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2022, after obtaining approval for the proposal and permission from relevant authorities. A valid questionnaire was distributed to international medical students in the International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences online. A total of 215 students completed the questionnaire, and their responses were entered into SPSS version 26 for descriptive and inferential analysis. Statistical methods used included Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, student t test, and regression models. Results: The age range of participants was 17 to 32 years, with a mean of 22.3±2.74, with 54% females and 46% males. One-third of the students were Indian (34.3%), and the remaining were Pakistanis (27.5%). Those first-born in their families were (42.8%), and most of the students' parents were still alive. Nearly half of the participants were in their first or second year of education, and (9.8%) expressed little or no interest in the field of medicine, while about 40% expressed a great deal of interest. Over one-fifth of the participants experienced mild depression, and 16.7% recorded severe depression. The regression analysis revealed that none of the examined demographic and academic variables significantly affected depression scores. Even though the period of residence in Iran and study were associated with depression scores, they did not appear as critical predictors in the regression model. Conclusion: The current study aligns closely with global research findings, indicating a significant prevalence of moderate and severe depression among international medical students. This highlights the need for authorities to prioritize the development and implementation of programs aimed at reducing depression among them
Copyright (c) 2026 Nahid D. Nayeri, Mahdi Sh. Sabet, Farnaz Khatami, ­Elnaz Asadollahi; Sepideh Samimi; Javad Rafie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Correlation between Demographic Characteristic and Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (OxLDL-IgM and OxLDL-IgG) Antibodies levels in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) may affect one or more organ systems; as time goes on, other manifestations may start to appear. Musculoskeletal, cutaneous, renal, and endocrine systems are all involved in SLE. The nervous system, hematological, vascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and ocular imbalance of the immune response and the production of autoantibodies such as anti-oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein LDL antibodies have a clear impact on the body’s organs and the development of complications of the disease. Objectives: To assess the levels of anti-oxLDL (IgM-Abs) and anti-oxLDL (IgG-Abs) as biomarkers for disease activity in SLE patients and their relationship to demographic characteristics. Methods: The study comprised 100 SLE patients admitted to the Rheumatology Unit at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, age range (33.4 to 9.95) years, including 7 males and 93 females. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay ELISA was used to measure the levels of serum oxLDL (IgM- Abs) and oxLDL (IgG-Abs). Results: The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the levels of anti-oxLDL IgM antibodies(Abs) in SLE patients in obese and non-obese groups since the levels of anti-oxLDL-IgM Abs in obese patients were (3.14 µg/L) and non-obese patients were (5.13 µg/L) (P=0.005), while in SLE patients with Diabetes Mellitus (D.M.), the levels of anti-ox LDL-IgM Abs were (3.80 µg/L) and in SLE patients with no DM were (5.13 µg/L). Also, the results showed that there were no significant differences between levels of anti-oxLDL IgG Abs in obese patients with SLE (6.28 µg/L) and non-obese patients with SLE (10.25µg/L) P > 0.05. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between levels of anti-oxLDL IgM Abs in obese and non-obese patients with SLE, and no significant differences between the levels of anti-oxLDL IgG Abs in the same groups of patients.
ImmunogOxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein antibody
Copyright (c) 2024 Nusaibah K. Al-Zubaidi, Suha A. Al-Fakhar , Mohammad H. Al-Osami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Isolation and Identification of H. pylori among Iraq patients with chronic gastric inflammation
Background: H. pylori is one of the gastrointestinal organisms in which more than half the world's population was infected. The aim of this study was to Isolation, identity, and determine antibiotic susceptibility of H. pylori from samples of the patient (biopsies) using various procedures. Patients and methods: A total of 90(58 males, 32females) patients with different age groups from both genders are involved in this study suffering from dyspeptic symptoms They underwent diagnostic ‘upper’ gastrointestinal (G.I.) endoscopy at “Endoscopy unit of AL- Sadder Teaching Hospital in Baghdad “during the period November 2021 to March 2022. Results: The results showed a relationship between H. pylori infection occurrence and endoscopic ally diagnosed dyspeptic patients; it was recorded that H. pylori was isolated in 30 cases. Antibiotic resistance test for H. pylori isolates showing susceptibility to levofloxacin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin. Whereas all the tested isolates were appearing resistant to metronidazole, and tetracycline. Conclusion: The results showed a relationship between H. pylori infection occurrence and endoscopic ally diagnosed dyspeptic patients. Culture and antibiotic sensitivity assay for detection of H. pylori are more reliable in biopsies than urease tests. H. pylori isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin.
Copyright (c) 2022 fatima omer saber http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Programmed Death Ligand 1 Receptor Protein Expression in a Group of Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma Patients and its Correlation with the Clinicopathological Parameters
Background: Triple-negative breast carcinoma has an aggressive nature, poor prognosis, with high recurrence rates and metastasis. It has a poor response to targeted therapies, leaving a restricted number of efficient treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Some types of triple-negative breast carcinoma are considered immunogenic types, which mean that these tumors may be susceptible targets to a new line of treatment known as immunotherapy. Several biomarkers have been discovered to determine patients who could be eligible candidates to receive immunotherapies. One of these biomarkers is the programmed death receptor 1 (PD1)/ programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression. Objectives: To assess the expression status of the PD-L1 protein in a group of triple-negative breast carcinoma patients, and its correlation with the clinicopathological parameters. Methods: The study was conducted from October 2024 to April 2025. A cross-sectional study involved 53 patients, who were diagnosed as triple-negative invasive ductal breast carcinoma. The formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved from the archives department of the histopathological laboratories in the Medical City Complex hospitals, Baghdad, Iraq. The clinical data of these patients were reviewed, and the blocks were sectioned, prepared, and stained with monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibody. Results: The majority of the cases (45 patients, 84.9%) had negative expression of PD-L1 protein, while eight patients (15.1%) had positive expression of PD-L1 protein. A non-significant correlation was found between the PD-L1 protein expression and the clinicopathological parameters. Conclusion: The vast majority of the studied cases had a negative expression of PD-L1 protein. It seemed that the correlation between PD-L1 expression status and the studied clinicopathological parameters was not significant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heba A. Al-Saffar, Kifah H. Abdul Ghafour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Risk Factors of Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Study in The Hospitals of Medical City, Baghdad
Background: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a preventable cause of childhood blindness. The global incidence of ROP is increasing, though the contributing factors differ between developed and developing countries. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ROP and to identify associated risk factors among preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care units of three hospitals within the Baghdad Medical City complex. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from January 1, 2019, to January 1, 2020, in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of Medical City Hospitals in Baghdad: Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and a Private Nursing Home. Inclusion criteria were gestational age (GA) <34 weeks and/or birth weight (BW) <2000g; unstable infants exceeding these criteria were also included. All eligible infants underwent retinal examinations by an ophthalmologist at 4-6 weeks of age using RetCam imaging. Results: Eighty-nine infants were included. The mean GA was 31.1±1.9 weeks and the mean BW was 1333.2±254.7 grams. The incidence of ROP was 20 (22.5%). A highly significant association was found between ROP and lower GA, lower BW, blood transfusion, intraventricular hemorrhage, mechanical ventilation, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis. No significant association was found with gender or multiple pregnancy. Conclusions: The prevalence of ROP was significant. Key risk factors were gestational age less than 32 weeks of gestation, birthweight less than 1250g, and clinical complications. The findings underscore the critical need for stringent ROP screening protocols and optimized neonatal care strategies, including minimizing transfusions, enhancing infection control, and improving respiratory management, to reduce ROP-related morbidity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ammar Kh. Khaleel, Ali A. Khudhair, Zaid M. Jaafar, Manal B. Baythoon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Uncovering Hidden Partners: Detecting Co-Microbial Urinary Tract Infections among the Elderly
Background: Co-microbial infection occupies a big portion of the urinary tract infections (UTI), especially in the elderly. Such infections are hidden, because of the dominance of one species over the other species. Objectives: This study aimeds to detect polymicrobial urinary tract infections in middle-aged and elderly patients using both culture-based and molecular methods. It also investigates the presence of aminoglycoside resistance genes, specifically armA and rmtG, to improve diagnostic precision and support targeted therapeutic decisions. Methods: In the current study, 100 clinical samples of urine were collected from middle-aged and elderly patients suffering from urinary tract infections. The study was conducted in two hospitals in Baghdad between October 2023 and April 2024. The age of patients was 45+ years equally divided between males and females. These samples were cultured on selective and differential culture media. The grown isolates were further purified and identified using the Vitek system. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern. Bacterial DNA was extracted and specific primers were designated for this study, to amplify the resistance coding genes armA and rmtG by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were the co-existing microbes causing UTI in middle-aged and elderly patients. Significant gender differences were found in the co-infection rates and antibiotic susceptibility tests and genetic analysis identified resistance genes armA and rmtG. These co-microbes were resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Both K. pneumoniae and E. coli carried the armA gene, while the rmtG gene was predominant in K. pneumoniae only. K. pneumoniae and E. coli were found in 42% of the samples. The armA gene was detected in 46% of isolates (10/15 E. coli, 4/15 K. pneumoniae), while the rmtG gene was detected in 26.6% of K. pneumoniae isolates and not found in E. coli Conclusion: This study highlights the occurrence of polymicrobial urinary tract infections among middle-aged and elderly patients, especially females. The detection of resistance genes underscores the importance of molecular diagnostics and gender-specific treatment strategies in managing UTIs.
الميكروبات المشتركة ، أصابات المسالك البولية ، المرضى كبار السن
Copyright (c) 2026 Mazin Z. Yashkur, Marwa H. Al-Khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Alcoholic Extract of Camellia sinensis and their Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria
Background: Multidrug resistance bacteria is rapidly spreading globally and has created an urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies to combat these bacteria. Green nanotechnology is an eco-friendly way of synthesizing Bioactive Nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activities compared to conventional methods. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to "green" synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) from an alcohol extract of Camellia sinensis (tea plant) and evaluate their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against clinical multidrug resistance bacterial isolates. Methods: Magnesium Oxide nanoparticles were synthesized utilizing an alcohol extract of Camellia sinensis as a reducing/stabilizing agent. The synthesized MgO NPs were characterized by UV–Vis Spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM, EDX, AAS, and Zeta Potential analyses. The antibacterial activity of the MgO NPs was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations while their anti-biofilm activity was assessed by a microtiter plate crystal violet assay against clinical MDR Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Results: According to the study, MgO nanoparticles that were created by biosynthetic means had an average particle size range of 52-104 nm (SEM) and had evidence of nanoscale surface roughness from AFM. They also showed high colloidal stability with zeta potentials of -44.61 mV. MgO nanoparticles exhibited very strong (dose-dependent antibacterial effect on both E. faecalis and K. pneumoniae with a MIC value of 12.5 µg/ml, and significantly reduced biofilm formation by 95.45-100% at sub-MIC concentrations. Conclusion: Green-synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles using extracts from Camellia sinensis, have very good anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, and support the theorized use of green-synthesized MgO nanoparticles as an eco-friendly antimicrobial agent to reduce biofilm-related infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iman M. Salem, Huda S. AL-Hayanni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sequencing of Catalytic Serine Protease, Linker, and Activation Peptide Domains-Coding Regions of the F9 Gene in Iraqi Hemophilia B Patients
Background: Hemophilia B is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the F9 gene, causing bleeding tendency predominantly in males. The mutational spectrum of the F9 gene has not been adequately studied in Iraq. Objectives: To detect the disease-causing variants of exons 6, 7, and 8 and immediate introns of F9 gene using Sanger sequencing among Iraqi hemophilia B patients and to correlate them with phenotypes. Methods: Forty Iraqi hemophilia B patients were recruited for this cross-sectional study from The Hereditary Bleeding Disorder Ward in the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, between November 2021 and April 2022 using a consecutive sampling technique. Peripheral blood samples were used for sequencing exons 6, 7, and 8, which encode catalytic serine protease (SP), linker, and activation peptide domains and immediate introns of the F9 gene using Sanger sequencing. Results: Nineteen (47.5%) patients had positive conclusive results. Fifteen unique variants were detected; 12 (80%) of them were disease-causing. Nine variants were located in the SP, one in the linker domain, and two in the splice site of intron 6. The most common pathogenic variant was the c.572G>A (p.Arg191His) on the linker domain as seen in six patients, while c.880C>T (p.Arg294Ter) and c.1358G>T (p.Trp453Leu) were the most common pathogenic variants of the SP domain as seen in two patients each. The vast majority were point mutations that are generally similar to the reported phenotype. Conclusion: Molecular profiling of F9 gene in the current cohort confirms 12 disease-causing variants, making molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling of hemophilia B possible. It explained the discrepancy between FIX level and clinical course, and variable severity among family members. Integrating genetic data into national registries will expand the molecular database for important health conditions in Iraq, improving healthcare provision through genetic counseling, prevention, and prenatal diagnosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huda H. Obaida, Bassam M.S. Al-Musawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of YKL-40 in the Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in a Group of Iraqi Patients
Background: As the number of caesarean deliveries has escalated over the last 50 years, Placenta Accreta Spectrum is now emerging as a more frequent pregnancy- related issue. The incidence of this problem is increasing, with recent estimates indicating an approximate 1/333 to 1/533 deliveries. Recent studies reveal that YKL-40 (also known as Chitinase-3-like protein 1 which is a secreted glycoprotein that is approximately 40kDa in size) may be involved in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation as well as extracellular matrix remodeling, and other inflammatory processes. Objectives: To evaluate the association between maternal serum YKL-40 levels and the severity of Placenta Accreta Spectrum. Methods: A case - control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, from June 1, 2023, to June 1, 2024. It included 97 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy in the third trimester, having a diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum (37 patients), and those with normally sited placenta admitted for delivery either by vaginal or caesarean section (60 controls). The serum YKL40 biomarker was investigated in both groups. Results: The mean level of the YKL-40 was significantly higher in patients diagnosed with placenta accreta spectrum than in those with a normal placenta. As the cut-off point for the YKL-40 is 112.68 pg/ml, a YKL-40 level > 112.68 pg/ml was associated with placenta accreta spectrum. Conclusion: Serum YKL-40 appears to be a promising biomarker associated with the presence and clinical severity of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in the third trimester. While its role as a primary diagnostic tool is limited by the availability of imaging techniques at this stage of pregnancy, it shows a significant correlation with the depth of placental invasion. y.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najmah M. Meran, Zina E. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Effect of Etanercept Treatment on the levels of Albumin and C-reactive Protein and their Ratio in Iraqi Psoriatic Patients
Background: Psoriasis, a common chronic autoimmune dermatological disease, is identified by scaling and inflammation seen in the skin. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its pathogenesis. Objectives: To examine changes in albumin and C-reactive protein levels and their ratios, and the effect of Etanercept treatment on these indicators in the serum of Iraqi Psoriasis patients compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 100 Psoriatic patients were enrolled in the study and matched with healthy individuals (n=93) attending the Department of Venereology and Dermatology at Baghdad Teaching Hospital from November 2024 to April 2025. The levels of C-reactive protein and albumin, as well as their ratio in these patients, were compared with those of the control group. Furthermore, the effects of the biologic treatment were followed up for these parameters using 30 patients, before receiving any treatment, and after three months of Etanercept treatment. Results: The serum level of albumin showed a highly significant decrease, with a highly significant increase in the concentrations of both serum C-reactive protein and the CRP/albumin ratio in the patient group compared to the control group, respectively. Furthermore, the three-month treatment with Etanercept induced a substantial difference in the albumin levels, and a very notable decrease in both C-reactive protein concentration and CRP/albumin ratio. Conclusion: Psoriasis is a disease that affects the albumin and C-reactive protein levels, as well as their ratio. In the interim, using Etanercept for three months as biotherapy revealed alterations in the measured levels, achieving concentrations nearly similar to those of normal healthy individuals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajaa J. Abdel Rasul , Hathama R. Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Laboratory Markers Used for the Diagnoses of Food, Respiratory, Skin, and Drug Allergies
Background: Allergies, as prevalent conditions, significantly impact individuals' health and quality of life. The criticality of accurate diagnosis cannot be overstated, as it is the cornerstone for effective management and treatment, underscoring the gravity of the medical professionals’ work. Objectives: This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of laboratory markers used to diagnose different types of allergies, including food, respiratory, skin, and drug allergies. Methods: The review analyzed and synthesized data from current literature on essential diagnostic tools such as skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, and component-resolved diagnostics. Studies comparing these diagnostic methods' efficacy, specificity, and limitations were discussed. Results: Skin prick tests remain widely used for diagnosing immediate-type allergies but may have limitations in detecting all allergens. Specific IgE blood tests offer a more detailed assessment of allergen-specific responses, although they can be influenced by factors such as patient age and coexisting conditions. Component-resolved diagnostics provide enhanced precision by identifying specific allergenic components, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy and guiding targeted immunotherapy. Conclusions: The review underscores the effectiveness of existing diagnostic tools while also highlighting their variability depending on the type of allergy and patient characteristics. The future of allergy diagnosis lies in the integration of advanced technologies, such as component-resolved diagnostics, into clinical practice. This need for further research should instill a sense of urgency and emphasize the importance of efforts to enhance patient outcomes and optimize allergy management strategies.
faculty of medical laboratory science- Clinical Biochemistry Department
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdalla E. Ali; Baraa A. Eltoum; Alneil M. Hamza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of Serum Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Calcium Levels among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Baghdad
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that arise from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Essential metal elements (EMEs), including copper, zinc, iron, and calcium, support brain development, support neuronal communication, and maintain normal metabolic activity. Any increase or decrease in these elements may play a role in the development of ASD and ADHD. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of zinc, copper, iron, and calcium with ASD and ADHD. Moreover, to compare these levels among children with ASD, ADHD, combined ASD plus ADHD, and healthy controls. Methods: A case-control study was carried out at the College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, between March and September 2025. In total, 200 children aged 2–15 years were included and divided into four groups: Controls (n = 40), ADHD (n = 30), ASD (n = 57), and ASD + ADHD (n = 73). Five ml of venous blood from each child was dispensed into a gel tube to estimate zinc, copper, iron, and calcium. Assessment of inorganic elements zinc and copper was performed by Flam atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) while iron and calcium was performed by spectrophotometer. Results: Serum zinc levels were significantly lower in all patient groups compared with the controls. Copper levels were significantly higher, particularly in the ADHD and ASD + ADHD groups. Serum calcium showed no significant differences among the groups. Serum iron levels were significantly reduced only in ADHD group. Conclusion: Reduced zinc and iron levels, together with elevated copper, may contribute to neurodevelopmental disturbances in ASD and ADHD. Monitoring and correcting trace-element imbalance could support better clinical outcomes in affected children.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed S. Swadi, Hedef. EI-Yassin, Mushtaq T. Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of Interleukin-1 Beta and Interleukin 8 in Acne Pathogenesis: A Serum-Based Severity Assessment
Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a skin disorder affecting both sexes, starting at adolescence, and might continue into late adulthood. It is represented by a flare-up of nodular and postural lesions. Acne vulgaris patients with severe presentation suffer the consequences of skin scarring and disfigurement. Both Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) are pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a significant role in acne pathogenesis and disease progression. Objectives: To assess the serum level of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 8 in acne patients and see how it correlates with the severity of the disease. Methods: It was a case–control study conducted from October 2024 to March 2025, with 60 acne vulgaris patients divided into two groups, mild and severe, with ages ranging from 14 to 25 years. The patients were seen in the Dermatology Center, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, The Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq. Thirty healthy individuals of both sexes of similar age groups to the patients were recruited as controls in this study. A detailed history was taken, and clinical examination was performed on all the participants. For each participant, IL-1β and IL-8 were measured using the Enzyme‑Linked Immunosorbent Assay method and the results were statistically analyzed and tabulated. Results: The difference between the control and patient groups in regard to IL-1β and the difference between the patient groups themselves were not significant. Regarding IL-8, there was a significant difference between the control and patient groups and between the control and severe groups, while the difference between patient groups was highly significant. Conclusion: Blood quantification of Interleukin 8 proved useful in trying to assess the severity of acne vulgaris, while serum Interleukin 1 beta levels proved to be of no value in assessing the severity of Acne vulgaris.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ihsan W. AL-Husseinawi, Haifaa S. Al-Hadithi, Adil A. Noaimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Correlation of Serum levels of Chromium, Copper, and Manganese with the Glucose levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraq
Background: The metabolism of many trace elements, such as chromium, copper, and manganese, was reported to be altered in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This element may have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease. Objectives: To evaluate the serum levels of copper, chromium, and manganese in type 2 diabetic patients in Iraq. Methods: This case-control study included 100 type 2 diabetic patients, 35-60 years old, with high BMI as cases, and 100 non-diabetic subjects as controls who were healthy volunteers not suffering from type 2 diabetes (staff and students). The data was collected from October 2022 until January 2023. The cases were seen in the Diabetes Consultation Unit at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City. Serum chromium, copper, and manganese were measured using atomic absorption. ELISA was used to test for insulin. spectrophotometry to measure glucose and HPLC was used to measure whole-blood HbA1c. Insulin resistance was calculated using the semi-empirical formula: HOMA-IR = glucose * insulin / 405 (glucose in mg/dl). To test for the difference between means of numerical data across several parameters, ANOVA tests were utilized. Pearson’s. correlation was used to test the correlation between variables. Results: Diabetics had higher HbA1c, serum copper, and blood glucose than healthy controls. Compared to controls, diabetics had lower serum chromium and manganese (P value < 0.01). In diabetics, chromium and manganese are highly negatively correlated with insulin resistance. Copper levels increase with increasing insulin resistance. Insulin levels were greater in type 2 diabetics (18.6 ± 4.1 mlU/L) than in the control (6.2 ± 1.3). Conclusions: Serum copper was high while serum chromium and manganese were low in type 2 diabetics. which indicates that these elements may have a role in the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ahmed Z. Khamees & Hedef D. Al-Yassin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Impact of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seed Extracts against some Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria
Background: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has demonstrated a need to develop and use alternative antimicrobial agents. There has been a growing interest in medicinal plants and herbs and their extracts. Objective: To identify the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed against multidrug-resistant clinical bacterial isolates (Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii). Methods: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared from the seeds of the Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plant. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer was used to identify the active compounds in the extracts. They were tested against multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates that produce biofilms (Gram-positive and Gram-negative), namely Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, which were isolated from Iraqi patients in Baghdad Medical City Hospitals (including Burns Specialized Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and Al-Shahid Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialties), Al Kadimyia Teaching Hospital, and Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, from October 2023 to March 2024. Result: The current study has proved that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Fenugreek seeds were effective as antibacterial and anti-biofilm against the studied bacterial isolates, in all the tested concentrations, with significant differences. The study also showed that the aqueous extract of Fenugreek was more effective as an anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm than the alcoholic extract. The aqueous extract demonstrated high inhibitory activity, ranging from 52.9% to 97.5%, while the inhibition of the alcoholic extract varied from 56.0% to 99.5%. Conclusion: The present study supports the use of fenugreek seed extract to treat pathogenic bacteria that have developed a resistance to antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2025 zahraa A. Zamil & Huda S. A. AL-Hayanni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Indispensable Role of Immunohistochemistry in Differentiating Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Background: Many characteristics between benign and malignant prostatic tumor which considered similar that make the diagnosis defaults in spacemen of the tumor. The immunohistochemical procedure can improves conventional tumor morphology by identifying lineage- and tumor-associated proteins or markers, facilitating confirmation of prostate origin and distinguish between benign and malignancy tumors. Objectives: This review highlights the pivotal role of immunohistochemistry in differentiating Prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia by evaluating both positive and negative tissue markers. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using methodological features to evaluate immunohistochemistry in distinguishing prostate cancer from benign PROSTATIC hyperplasia. You know what? Databases examined (2000–2025) consisted of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, using prostate cancer-related terms, terms and BPH and IHC markers, including AMACR, ERG, PSA, NKX3.1, and p63. And or, Studies that were non-IHC and non-human subjects were , were excluded. Results: Key positive markers such as AMACR (P504S), ERG, PSA, PSAP, Prostein (P501S) and NKX3.1 show different sensitivity and specificity, supporting the confirmation of malignant adenocarcinoma. Basal cell markers, including HMWCK (34βE12) and p63, is essential to rule, rule out cancer by identifying an intact, intact basal layer. Prognostic markers such as Ki-67, p53, PTEN and MYC provide additional insight into tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcome. Multimarker approaches improve diagnostic confidence and help distinguish prostate cancer from mimics such as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, urothelial carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: The precise diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and treatment planning in prostate pathology are greatly improved by this approach. Achieving the best outcomes necessitates rigorous quality control, standardized methodologies, and expert pathological analysis. Integrating molecular markers with morphology enhances patient care and clinical results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Al-Hassan T. Waly, Abed H. Baraaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/