مدى انتشار الإنتكرونات من الصنف الأول بين العزلات المقاومة متعددة الأدوية لبكتيريا الكلبسيلا الرئوية في العينات السريرية من مستشفيات بغداد

1. Bai R, Guo J. Interactions and implications of Klebsiella pneumoniae with human immune responses and metabolic pathways: a comprehensive review. Infect Drug Resist. 2024;17:449–62. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S451013

2. Chakraverty R, Kundu AK. Hospital-Acquired Infections in Intensive Care Unit and their Management: The Indian Perspective. Springer; 2025. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-96-0018-2

3. Razzaq T, Ali Y, Khan S, Nadeem Z, Batool A, Ibraheem M, et al. Antibacterial drug exposure and risk of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a review. Zenodo. 2025;3(2):3007–1593. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15279758

4. Albermani M, Salman WA, Hamad GK, Hadi EA. Infection control measures to reduce hospital infection rates in the medical city burn center. J Fac Med Baghdad. 2019;60(4):191–4. https://doi.org/10.32007/med.1936/jfacmedbagdad.v60i4.3

5. Russo A, Fusco P, Morrone HL, Trecarichi EM, Torti C. New advances in management and treatment of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2023;21(1):41–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2023.2151435

6. Gidla VVS, Anjaneyulu K, Bhanu RV, Dinesh G. Integrons: a mobile genetic element of concern in antimicrobial resistance gene transfer: an overview. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol. 2023;19(3):1–5. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.19.3.01

7. Tao S, Chen H, Li N, Liang W. The application of the CRISPR-Cas system in antibiotic resistance. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:4155–68. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S370869

8. Wang L, Zhu M, Yan C, Zhang Y, He X, Wu L, et al. Class 1 integrons and multiple mobile genetic elements in clinical isolates of the Klebsiella pneumoniae complex from a tertiary hospital in eastern China. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:985102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.985102

9. Taha RQ, Mansoor RJ, Kareem SA, Mohsein OA. Unraveling the genomic landscape of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a focus on resistance islands. Caspian J Med Nat Sci. 2025;6(2). https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v6i2.2754

10. Omar FH, Ibrahim AH. The prevalence of integron class I and II among multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2023;54(3):619–29. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i3.1775

11. Alara JA, Alara OR. An overview of the global alarming increase of multiple drug resistant: a major challenge in clinical diagnosis. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2024;24(3). https://doi.org/10.2174/1871526523666230725103902

12. Al-Ruobayiee MR, Ibrahim AH. The relationship between OqxAB efflux pump and drug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical sources. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci. 2023;5(1):S106–12. https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v5i1S.309

13. Alansary IMM, Al-Saryi NA. Emergence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from some Iraqi hospitals. Rev Res Med Microbiol. 2024;35(2):88–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000354

14. CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2024. https://clsi.org/shop/standards/m100

15. Abdel-Hamid RM, El-Mahallawy HA, Allam RM, Zafer MM, Elswify M. Changing patterns of bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance in high-risk patients during the COVID-19 pandemic at a tertiary oncology hospital. Arch Microbiol. 2024;206(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/S00203-024-03965-X

16. Firoozeh F, Mahluji Z, Khorshidi A, Zibaei M. Molecular characterization of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in clinical multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0509-3

17. Mustafa SS, Batool R, Kamran M, Javed H, Jamil N. Evaluating the role of wastewaters as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant ESKAPEE bacteria using phenotypic and molecular methods. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:5715–28. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S368886

18. Al-Rubaye DS, Hamza HM, Abdulrahman TR. Genotyping of Klebsiella spp. isolated from different clinical sources. Iraqi J Sci. 2016;57(3B):1937–51. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2016.57.3B.21

19. Abd Al-Hamed ZA, Abd Al-Mayahi FS. Antibiogram of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Al-Diwaniyah hospitals. Al-Qadisiyah J Pure Sci. 2021;26(2):44–54. https://doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.2.1296

20. Mahmood MK, Farhan SD, Ahmed BA, Nori W. Risk factors analysis of urosepsis following retrograde intrarenal surgery: a retrospective study. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci. 2025;8(1):48–55. https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v8i1.1643

21. Turki Monawer A. Molecular analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates collected from sputum samples in Duhok, Iraq. Al-Nahrain J Sci. 2025;28(1):91–5. https://doi.org/10.22401/ANJS.28.1.10

22. Jain C, Nikita N. Evaluation of chromogenic agar media for isolation, identification and direct antibiotic susceptibility testing of uropathogens. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci. 2023;12(2):7–12. https://doi.org/10.51847/Kd4vp42v9B

23. Kherd A, Saaban A, Adyee, Ibrahim Fadhel IE. Wang-ball polynomials for the numerical solution of singular ordinary differential equations. Iraqi J Sci. 2021;62(3):941–9. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.3.24

24. Ibraheim HK, Madhi KS, Jasim AS, Gharban HAJ. Molecular identification of Klebsiella species from pneumonic goats, Iraq. Open Vet J. 2024;14(11):2980–8. https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.26

25. Hmood AH, Alammar MHM. Genotypic and phenotypic surveillance of multidrug resistance of hypermucoid K. pneumoniae among clinical isolates in Al-Najaf City, Iraq. Al-Kufa Univ J Biol. 2023;15(3):122–8. https://doi.org/10.36320/ajb/v15.i3.14615

26. Chhabra P, Rouhani S, Browne H, Peñataro Yori P, Siguas Salas M, Paredes Olortegui M, et al. Homotypic and heterotypic protection and risk of reinfection following natural norovirus infection in a highly endemic setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(2):222–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa019

27. García-Fernández S, Simner PJ, Thomson G, Faron M, Bosboom R, van Griethuijsen A, et al. Rapid identification from rectal swabs of the clinically most relevant carbapenemase genes from gram-negative bacteria using the BD MAX Check-Points CPO assay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022;102(1):115554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115554

28. Jabar ZA, Auhim HS, Hussein AR. Molecular detection of fimH and mrkD genes of strong biofilm producers and MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Health Sci. 2022;6(S4):9225–35. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns4.11954

29. Chowdhury MSR, Hossain H, Rahman MN, Hossain MA, Saha O, Zinnah MA, et al. Emergence of highly virulent multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in buffalo subclinical mastitis cases. Sci Rep. 2025;15:11704. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95914-x

30. Al-Marzooq F, Mohd Yusof MY, Tay ST. Molecular analysis of antibiotic resistance determinants and plasmids in Malaysian isolates of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133654. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133654

31. Almidhatee HRM, Alkufaishi ZHJ, Al-Saffar AKH, Alhamawandi JAA. Detection of molecular resistance mechanisms in Klebsiella pneumoniae through carbapenem enzymatic genes. J Angiother. 2024;8(4). https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.849602

32. Fouad NA, Totl KJ. Antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and its impact in mixed type isolates. Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2024;22(2):369–376. doi:10.22578/IJMS.22.2.22 https://iraqijms.net/index.php/jms/article/view/1059

33. Al-Qaysi AMK, Ahmed MM, Habeeb WH, Al-Meani SAL, Janaby MS AL, Alalwani AK, et al. Genetic variants of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Iraq. Open Microbiol J. 2024;18(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/0118742858298979240628070603

34. Mohammed MJ, Mahmood SS. The prevalence of pks genotoxin among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different clinical samples in Baghdad, Iraq. Iraqi J Sci. 2024;65(7):3716–24. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.7.13

35. Jazayeri Moghadas A, Kalantari F, Sarfi M, Shahhoseini S, Mirkalantari S. Evaluation of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns in clinical urine isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Semnan, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2018;11(7). https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.63637

36. Fadare FT, Fadare TO, Okoh AI. Prevalence and molecular characterization of integrons and associated gene cassettes in Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca recovered from diverse environmental matrices. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41591-7

37. Sheikh AF, Abdi M, Farshadzadeh Z. Molecular detection of Class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in hypervirulent and classic Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep. 2024;7(5):e1962. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1962

38. Hetta HF, Alanazi FE, Sayed Ali MA, Alatawi AD, Aljohani HM, Ahmed R, et al. Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: Insights into Virulence, Antibiotic Resistance, and Fight Strategies Against aSuperbug. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(5):724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050724